Oncolytic viruses
Oncolytic viruses for cancer treatment.
Cancer treatment with oncolytic viruses is still experimental, but it has shown good results. Our partner laboratory, which creates these viruses, has been using them for 12 years. This type of treatment is not yet officially approved. Some clinics use these viruses on their own.
Advantages of this type of cancer treatment:
1. Viruses destroy tumors.
2. Viruses enhance the detection and destruction of cancer cells by the patient's immune system (the patient's own T-lymphocytes and NK cells begin to attack the tumor).
3. Viral therapy does not "kill" the immune system.
4. It is safe.
This is another effective type of cancer treatment that is used both alone and in combination with traditional cancer treatments (surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy).
Advantages of this type of cancer treatment:
1. Viruses destroy tumors.
2. Viruses enhance the detection and destruction of cancer cells by the patient's immune system (the patient's own T-lymphocytes and NK cells begin to attack the tumor).
3. Viral therapy does not "kill" the immune system.
4. It is safe.
This is another effective type of cancer treatment that is used both alone and in combination with traditional cancer treatments (surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy).
History of virus research
- 1892Discovery of viruses
- 1896Leukemia remission after influenza infection
- 1920Oncolytic viruses effectively lyse tumor cells in vitro
- 1949-1960Clinical trials of pathogenic and vaccine strainsв
- 1964-1976Clinical trials of special non-pathogenic enteroviruses (USSR)
- 1970-1990Testing live strains of vaccines and xenoviruses
- После 1991 годаGenetically modified viruses
- 2004-2015First clinical implementations of viruses
- 2024Phase I clinical trials of the oncolytic viral mixture "ENTEROMIX" in Russia
Oncolytic viruses
Which viruses can be oncolytic?
- Non-pathogenic or weakly pathogenic viruses of humans and animals;
- Strains attenuated by bioselection (attenuated viruses are viruses that have lost pathogenicity for their primary host as a result of special passages or treatment with mutagens, but retain their antigenic properties);
- Genetically modified viruses with reduced pathogenicity and increased oncological specificity;
- Recombinant viruses carrying additional therapeutic genes; (a recombinant virus can occur naturally or be produced by recombining DNA fragments using recombinant DNA technology).
- Synthetic viruses: rational design, genome synthesis, revitalization.
Types of viruses with oncolytic properties.
Action of oncolytic viruses
3 main actions of oncolytic viruses
1-Tumor destruction by viruses
Selectivity of viral replication in tumors. Cancer cells are particularly susceptible to viruses.
Cancer cells are susceptible to viruses because of:
•Disorganized tissue architecture
•Loss of intercellular contacts
•Leaky tumor vessels
•Abundance of surface penetration receptors
In cancer cells, the mechanisms of natural defense against viruses are disrupted.
Cancer cells are susceptible to viruses because of:
•Disorganized tissue architecture
•Loss of intercellular contacts
•Leaky tumor vessels
•Abundance of surface penetration receptors
In cancer cells, the mechanisms of natural defense against viruses are disrupted.
Cancer cells have a disrupted antiviral defense system
The reaction of a normal cell when a virus enters it:
In cancer cells, these mechanisms are disrupted and they continue to divide, form vessels, and maintain metabolism, which facilitates further viral proliferation.
The reaction of a normal cell when a virus enters it:
- Stopping cell division
- Self-destruction
- Stimulating immunity
- Stopping angiogenesis (vascular formation)
- Inhibiting metabolism
In cancer cells, these mechanisms are disrupted and they continue to divide, form vessels, and maintain metabolism, which facilitates further viral proliferation.
As a result, direct oncolysis (destruction of the tumor) occurs.
Tumor destruction by oncolytic viruses
Viruses kill cells at the edge of the lesion (it's like eating a pie from the edges). Immune cells see the edge of the tumor. Virus therapy can significantly reduce tumor size. Within a month, we can reduce the tumor by 50%-70%.
Further options:
Further options:
- The tumor will continue to disintegrate under the influence of drinking viruses (3-6 months)
- Chemotherapy may be used
- Tumor removal (surgery) may be performed
2-Activation of the immune system by oncolytic viruses
Two ways to activate immune defense:
- Virally destroyed cancer cells become "visible" to dendritic cells (immune system cells responsible for recognizing foreign elements (viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells)).
- Once inside the tumor, oncolytic viruses attract immune cells, which attack them, destroying the cancer cells along the way.
3-"Training" the immune system to defend against this type of cancer
Activation of anti-cancer defenses:
- Cancer cells destroyed by viruses expose antigens (an antigen is a substance that the body views as foreign and mounts an immune response to remove it. Typically, antigens are macromolecules of proteins and polysaccharides).
- Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) recognize these antigens and transmit information to immune system cells.
- Immune system cells "remember" the antigens of this type of cancer.
- When this type of cancer recurs, the entire immune system fights it at the very moment of its inception, viewing these cancer cells as foreign.
- This forms a systemic immune response against tumors.
Selection of an oncolytic vaccine and treatment protocol
- The type of oncolytic virus is selected individually for each patient, depending on the tumor type, stage, and patient condition.
- The treatment program typically includes intravenous and local administration of oncolytic viruses. The course of treatment typically lasts 1-3 months.
- Additionally, the patient is injected with donor bone marrow-derived MMSCs to improve physical condition and stimulate leukopoiesis (the production of new lymphocytes and NK cells).
- In some cases, additional administration of donor NK cells midway through the treatment is recommended to replenish the patient's NK cell pool due to their intensive use during the destruction of cancer cells.
Sample basic treatment program for a patient with cancer
Questions and Answers
- Question:How is the treatment procedure with the oncolytic vaccine DOV tolerated?Answer:Treatment with the DOV vaccine is well tolerated. The basic program consists of intravenous and local injections. In 50% of cases, a short-term increase in temperature lasting 1-2 days is observed after the injection. For high temperatures (above 37.5°C), NSAIDs are recommended.
- Question:What is the effectiveness of oncolytic vaccine treatment?Answer:According to statistics (12 years, 1,100 patients), cancer stabilization (stopped progression) is observed in 50% of cases, allowing for effective tumor removal with surgery or chemotherapy.
Tumor regression is observed in 30% of cases.
Oncolytic vaccine therapy was ineffective in 20% of cases. - Question:What is the survival rate with oncolytic vaccine treatment?Answer:The 1-year survival rate was 97%.
The 2-year survival rate was 86%.
The 3-year survival rate was 70%.
The 5-year survival rate was 50%.
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